Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY IN HUMANS USING BIOINFORMATIC DATA AND TOOLS
Musliji ZS1, Pollozhani AK1, Lisichkov K2, Deligios M3, Popovski ZT2,4,*
*Corresponding Author: Professor Zoran T. Popovski, Ph.D., Department of Biochemistry and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Bld “Aleksandar Makedonski,” bb PB 297, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia. Tel: +389-70-252-731. Fax: +389-2-3134-310. E-mail: zoran_ popovski@yahoo.com
page: 35

RESULTS

Using the data obtained through NCBI, the FTO, PPARG, ADRB3 and FABP2 genes are characterized and an ontological table is created (Table 1). This table summarizes the key information about these genes including name, location, function, etc. As seen in Table 1, the four genes are in different loci. Homology is evident among similar species, with minor differences. These genes have various functions, however what they have in common is their contribution to the increase in energy intake, i.e., their contribution to overweight and obesity. We also see a link in the last column where all genes, in addition to other diseases, play a role in obesity-related disorders, such as metabolic disorders, weight-related disorders, and others. In the second part of this research, all genes are analyzed by comparing three species of organisms, Homo sapiens (human), Mus musculus (mouse) and Gallus (chicken). As a result, an ontological table has been created and is shown in Table 2. The same four genes are found in the three types of organisms. The location of these genes differs in all except for the ADRB3 gene, where we see the same location (chromosome 8) in both Homo sapiens and Mus musculus. The evolutionary relationship of organisms and genetic linkage for each gene is done separately by constructing a phylogenetic tree using MEGA X. The style of the trees we have used is the traditional and rectangular type. Figure 1 shows the analysis of the FTO gene. The evolutionary history was inferred using the NJ method [13]. The evolutionary distances were computed using Maximum Composite Likelihood method [14] and are in units of the number of base substitutions per site. This analysis involved six nucleotide sequences. All ambiguous positions were removed for each sequence pair. There was a total of 1625 positions in the final dataset. The six selected homologs are human (Homo sapiens), bonobo (Pan paniscus), gelada (Theropithecus gelada), olive baboon (Papio anubis), black snub-nosed monkey, gorilla (Gorilla), and the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). We used BLAST analysis to select five homologs of homo sapiens. The six alignments were made using MEGA X. From the constructed tree (Figure 1), we see that the more distantly related to human FTO gene is the marmoset FTO gene (Callithrix jacchus). Less distantly related (closer relative) to the human FTO gene is the bonobo FTO gene (Pan paniscus). Figure 2 shows the phylogenetic tree of the PPARG gene. There was a total of 1199 positions in the final dataset. Six homologs were selected using BLAST, human (Homo sapiens), gorilla (Gorilla), orangutan (Pongo abeii), the sooty mangabey (Cerocebus atys), marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and Nancy Ma’s night monkey (Aotus nancymaae), which is a night monkey species from South America. From the results of the constructed tree (Figure 2), we see that the more distantly related to the human PPARG gene sequence are the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and Nancy Ma’s night monkey PPARG genes (Aotus nancymaae). Less distantly related to the human PPARG gene is the PPARG gene of the gorilla. Figure 3 shows the phylogenetic tree of the ADRB3 gene. From the BLAST results, this gene was also present in more different species from which six homologs were selected. All ambiguous positions were removed for each sequence pair. There was a total of 1234 positions in the final dataset. The six selected homologs are the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla), human (Homo sapiens), cattle (Bos taurus), the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), and the cat (Felis catus). From the evolutionary analyses (Figure 3), we see that the more distantly related to the human ADRB3 gene is the cat ADRB3 gene (Felis catus). Less distantly related are the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and gorilla (Gorilla). Figure 4 shows the phylogenetic tree of the FABP2 gene. Six homologs were selected, the wild Bactrian camel (Camelus ferus), dog (Canis lupus familiaris), the leopard (Panthera pardus), human (Homo sapiens), gorilla (Gorilla) and the sheep (Ovis aries). This analysis involved six nucleotide sequences. All ambiguous positions were removed for each sequence pair. There was a total of 351 positions in the final dataset. From the results of the constructed tree, we see that the less distantly related to the human is the gorilla. More distantly related are the sheep (Ovis aeirs) and camel (Camelus ferus) species.

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