PPARγ GENE AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS:
GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, EPIGENETICS
AND THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS Grbić E, Peterlin A, Kunej T, Petrovič D *Corresponding Author: Professor Daniel Petrovič, M.D., Ph.D., Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine
University Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. Tel: +386-1-5437-360. Fax: +386-1-5437-361. E-mail:
Daniel.petrovic@mf.uni-lj.si page: 39
|
REFERENCES
1. Cai J-M, Hatsukami TS, Ferguson MS, Small R,
Polissar NL, Yuan C. Classification of human carotid
ath-erosclerotic lesions with in vivo multicontrast
magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation. 2002;
106(11): 1368-1373.
2. Atherosclerosis. National Heart, Lung, and Blood
Institute (NHLBI). Department of Health and Human
Services, Bethseda, MD, USA, 2018 (https://www.
nhlbi.nih. gov/health-topics/atherosclrerosis).
3. Roy S. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk
and evidence-based management of cholesterol. N
Am J Med Sci. 2014; 6(5): 191-198.
4. Hong YM. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease beginning
in childhood. Korean Circ J. 2010; 40(1): 1-9.
5. Ammirati E, Moroni F, Norata GD, Magnoni M,
Camici PG. Markers of inflammation associated with
plaque progression and instability in patients with
carotid atherosclerosis. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;
2015: 18329.
6. Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK. Progress and challenges
in translating the biology of atherosclerosis.
Nature. 2011; 473(7347): 317-325
7. Ross R. Atherosclerosis – An inflammatory disease.
N Engl J Med. 1999; 340(2): 115-126.
8. Kruszynska YT, Mukherjee R, Jow L, Dana S, Paterniti
JR, Olefsky JM. Skeletal muscle peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptor-γ expression in obesity
and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin
Invest. 1998; 101(3): 543-548.
9. Desvergne B, Wahli W. Peroxisome proliferatoractivated
receptors: Nuclear control of metabolism.
Endocr Rev. 1999; 20(5): 649-688.
10. Hong C, Tontonoz P. Coordination of inflammation
and metabolism by PPAR and LXR nuclear receptors.
Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2008; 18(5): 461-467.
11. Li AC, Glass CK. PPAR- and LXR-dependent pathways
controlling lipid metabolism and the development
of atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res. 2004; 45(12):
2161-2173.
12. Yongsakulchai P, Settasatian C, Settasatian N, Komanasin
N, Kukongwiriyapan U, Cote ML, et al.
Association of combined genetic variations in PPARγ,
PGC-1α, and LXRα with coronary artery disease and
severity in Thai population. Atherosclerosis. 2016;
248: 140-148.
13. Al-Shali KZ, House AA, Hanley AJGG, Khan
HMRR, Harris SB, Zinman B, et al. Genetic variation
in PPARG encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated
receptor γ associated with carotid atherosclerosis.
Stroke. 2004; 35(9): 2036-2040.
14. Wang L, Zhao L, Cui H, Yan M, Yang L, Su X. Association
between PPARγ2 Pro12Ala polymorphism
and myocardial infarction and obesity in Han Chinese
in Hohhot, China. Genet Mol Res Mol Res. 2012;
11(113): 2929-2938.
15. Flavell DM, Jamshidi Y, Hawe E, Pineda Torra I,
Taskinen M-R, Frick MH, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-
activated receptor α gene variants influence
progression of coronary atherosclerosis and risk of
coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2002; 105(12):
1440-1445.
16. Li Y, Zhu J, Ding J. Association of the PPARγ2 Pro-
12Ala polymorphism with increased risk of cardiovascular
diseases. Genet Mol Res. 2015; 14(144):
18662-18674.
17. Yan ZC, Zhu ZM, Shen CY, Zhao ZG, Ni YX, Zhong
J, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
C-161T polymorphism and carotid artery atherosclerosis
in metabolic syndrome. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za
Zhi. 2004; 84(7): 543-547.
18. Wang P, Wang Q, Yin Y, Yang Z, Li W, Liang D, et al.
Association between peroxisome proliferator-activated
receptor γ gene polymorphisms and atherosclerotic
diseases: A meta-analysis of case-control studies. J
Atheroscler Thromb. 2015; 22(9): 912-925.
19. Rhee EJ, Kwon CH, Lee WY, Kim SY, Jung CH, Kim
BJ, et al. No Association of Pro12Ala polymorphism
of PPAR-γ gene with coronary artery disease in Korean
subjects. Circ J. 2007; 71(3): 338-342.
20. Wan J, Xiong S, Chao S, Xiao J, Ma Y, Wang J, et al.
PPARγ gene C161T substitution alters lipid profile
in Chinese patients with coronary artery disease and
type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2010;
9(1): 13.
21. Matouk CC, Marsden PA. Epigenetic regulation of
vascular endothelial gene expression. Circ Res. 2008;
102(8): 873-887.
22. Yu J, Qiu Y, Yang J, Bian S, Chen G, Deng M, et al.
DNMT1-PPARγ pathway in macrophages regulates
chronic inflammation and atherosclerosis development
in mice. Sci Rep. 2016; 6(1): 30053.
23. Miranda TB, Jones PA. DNA methylation: The nuts
and bolts of repression. J Cell Physiol. 2007; 213(2):
384-390.
24. Hiltunen MO, Turunen MP, Häkkinen TP, Rutanen J,
Hedman M, Mäkinen K, et al. DNA hypomethylation
and methyltransferase expression in atherosclerotic
lesions. Vasc Med. 2002; 7(1): 5-11.
25. Reddy MA, Natarajan R. Epigenetic mechanisms
in diabetic vascular complications. Cardiovasc Res.
2011; 90(3): 421-429.
26. Laukkanen MO, Mannermaa S, Hiltunen MO, Aittomäki,
Jänne J, Ylä-Herttuala S, et al. Gene ec-sod
local hypomethylation in atherosclerosis found in
rabbit. Arter Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999; 19(9): 2171-
2178.
27. Lund G, Andersson L, Lauria M, Lindholm M, Fraga
FM, Villar-Garea A, et al. DNA methylation polymorphisms
precede any histological sign of atherosclerosis
in mice lacking apolipoprotein E. J Biol
Chem. 2004; 279(28): 29147-29154.
28. Kouzarides T. Chromatin modifications and their
function. Cell. 2007; 128(4): 693-705.
29. Clayton AL, Hazzalin CA, Mahadevan LC. Review
enhanced histone acetylation and transcription: A dynamic
perspective. Mol Cell. 2006; 23(4): 289-296.
30. Doran AC, Meller N, McNamara CA. Role of smooth
muscle cells in the initiation and early progression of
atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;
28(5): 812-819.
31. Chawla A, Boisvert WA, Lee C-H, Laffitte BA, Barak
Y, Joseph SB, et al. A PPARγ-LXR-ABCA1 pathway
in macrophages is involved in cholesterol efflux and
atherogenesis. Mol Cell. 2001; 7(1): 161-171.
32. Cao Q, Rong S, Repa JJ, St. Clair R, Parks JS, Mishra
N. Histone deacetylase 9 represses cholesterol efflux
and alternatively activated macrophages in atherosclerosis
development. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc
Biol. 2014; 34(9): 1871-1879.
33. Cao Y, Lu L, Liu M, Li X-C, Sun R-R, Zheng Y, et al.
Impact of epigenetics in the management of cardiovascular
disease: A review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol
Sci. 2014; 18(20): 3097-3104.
34. Peschansky VJ, Wahlestedt C. Non-coding RNAs as
direct and indirect modulators of epigenetic regulation.
Epigenetics. 2014; 9(1): 3-12.
35. Toba H, Cortez D, Lindsey ML, Chilton RJ. Applications
of miRNA technology for atherosclerosis. Curr
Atheroscler Rep. 2014; 16(2): 386.
36. Zhao R, Feng J, He G. miR-613 Regulates cholesterol
efflux by targeting LXRα and ABCA1 in PPARγ activated
THP-1 macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res
Commun. 2014; 448(3): 329-334.
37. Raitoharju E, Lyytikäinen L-P, Levula M, Oksala N,
Mennander A, Tarkka M, et al. miR-21, miR-210,
miR-34a, And miR-146a/b are up-regulated in human
atherosclerotic plaques in the Tampere Vascular
Study. Atherosclerosis. 2011; 219(1): 211-217.
38. Ma L, Yang J, Runesha HB, Tanaka T, Ferrucci L,
Bandinelli S, et al. Genome-wide association analysis
of total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol levels using the Framingham heart study
data. BMC Med Genet. 2010; 11(1): 55.
39. Caolo V, Schulten HM, Zhuang ZW, Murakami M,
Wagenaar A, Verbruggen S, et al. Soluble jagged-1
inhibits neointima formation by attenuating notchherp2
signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.
2011; 31(5): 1059-1065.
40. Cipollone F, Felicioni L, Sarzani R, Ucchino S, Spigonardo
F, Mandolini C, et al. A unique microRNA
signature associated with plaque instability in humans.
Stroke. 2011; 42(9): 2556-2563.
41. Gupta D, Jetton TL, Mortensen RM, Duan SZ, Peshavaria
M, Leahy JL. In vivo and in vitro studies of a
functional peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
γ response element in the mouse pdx-1 promoter. J
Biol Chem. 2008; 283(47): 32462-32470.
42. Blaschke F, Caglayan E. Peroxisome proliferatoractivated
receptor γ agonists: Their role as vasoprotective
agents in diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin
North Am. 2006; 35(3): 561-574.
43. Minamikawa J, Tanaka S, Yamauchi M, Inoue D,
Koshiyama H. Potent inhibitory effect of troglitazone
on carotid arterial wall thickness in type 2 diabetes.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998; 83(5): 1818-1820.
44. Takagi T, Yamamuro A, Tamita K, Yamabe K, Katayama
M, Mizoguchi S, et al. Pioglitazone reduces
neointimal tissue proliferation after coronary stent
implantation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus:
An intra-vascular ultrasound scanning study.
Am Heart J. 2003; 146(2): 366.
45. Ruiz-Narváez EA, Kraft P, Campos H. Ala12 variant
of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ
gene (PPARG) is associated with higher polyunsaturated
fat in adipose tissue and attenuates the protective
effect of polyunsaturated fat intake on the risk of
myocardial infarction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; (86):
1238-1242.
46. Li J, Zhang S. microRNA-150 inhibits the formation
of macrophage foam cells through targeting adiponectin
receptor 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.
2016; 476(4): 218-224.
47. Chinetti G, Zawadski C, Fruchart J, Staels B. Expression
of adiponectin receptors in human macrophages
and regulation by agonists of the nuclear receptors
PPARα, PPARγ, and LXR. Biochem Biophys Res
Commun. 2004; 314(1): 151-158.
|
|
|
|
|
Number 26 Number 26 VOL. 26(2), 2023 All in one |
Number 26 VOL. 26(2), 2023 |
Number 26 VOL. 26, 2023 Supplement |
Number 26 VOL. 26(1), 2023 |
Number 25 VOL. 25(2), 2022 |
Number 25 VOL. 25 (1), 2022 |
Number 24 VOL. 24(2), 2021 |
Number 24 VOL. 24(1), 2021 |
Number 23 VOL. 23(2), 2020 |
Number 22 VOL. 22(2), 2019 |
Number 22 VOL. 22(1), 2019 |
Number 22 VOL. 22, 2019 Supplement |
Number 21 VOL. 21(2), 2018 |
Number 21 VOL. 21 (1), 2018 |
Number 21 VOL. 21, 2018 Supplement |
Number 20 VOL. 20 (2), 2017 |
Number 20 VOL. 20 (1), 2017 |
Number 19 VOL. 19 (2), 2016 |
Number 19 VOL. 19 (1), 2016 |
Number 18 VOL. 18 (2), 2015 |
Number 18 VOL. 18 (1), 2015 |
Number 17 VOL. 17 (2), 2014 |
Number 17 VOL. 17 (1), 2014 |
Number 16 VOL. 16 (2), 2013 |
Number 16 VOL. 16 (1), 2013 |
Number 15 VOL. 15 (2), 2012 |
Number 15 VOL. 15, 2012 Supplement |
Number 15 Vol. 15 (1), 2012 |
Number 14 14 - Vol. 14 (2), 2011 |
Number 14 The 9th Balkan Congress of Medical Genetics |
Number 14 14 - Vol. 14 (1), 2011 |
Number 13 Vol. 13 (2), 2010 |
Number 13 Vol.13 (1), 2010 |
Number 12 Vol.12 (2), 2009 |
Number 12 Vol.12 (1), 2009 |
Number 11 Vol.11 (2),2008 |
Number 11 Vol.11 (1),2008 |
Number 10 Vol.10 (2), 2007 |
Number 10 10 (1),2007 |
Number 9 1&2, 2006 |
Number 9 3&4, 2006 |
Number 8 1&2, 2005 |
Number 8 3&4, 2004 |
Number 7 1&2, 2004 |
Number 6 3&4, 2003 |
Number 6 1&2, 2003 |
Number 5 3&4, 2002 |
Number 5 1&2, 2002 |
Number 4 Vol.3 (4), 2000 |
Number 4 Vol.2 (4), 1999 |
Number 4 Vol.1 (4), 1998 |
Number 4 3&4, 2001 |
Number 4 1&2, 2001 |
Number 3 Vol.3 (3), 2000 |
Number 3 Vol.2 (3), 1999 |
Number 3 Vol.1 (3), 1998 |
Number 2 Vol.3(2), 2000 |
Number 2 Vol.1 (2), 1998 |
Number 2 Vol.2 (2), 1999 |
Number 1 Vol.3 (1), 2000 |
Number 1 Vol.2 (1), 1999 |
Number 1 Vol.1 (1), 1998 |
|
|