PPARγ GENE AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS:
GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, EPIGENETICS
AND THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS
Grbić E, Peterlin A, Kunej T, Petrovič D
*Corresponding Author: Professor Daniel Petrovič, M.D., Ph.D., Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine
University Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. Tel: +386-1-5437-360. Fax: +386-1-5437-361. E-mail:
Daniel.petrovic@mf.uni-lj.si
page: 39
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of mortality and
morbidity in the developed world. It is characterized by
the formation of a plaque in the walls of middle and large
arteries leading to macrovascular complications. Several
risk factors are included, with diabetes being one of the
most important for the onset and development of atherosclerosis.
Due to an increase in the prevalence of diabetes
in the world, the incidence of diabetic complications (microvascular
and macrovascular) is increasing. Peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) plays a important
role in atherosclerotic processes. Peroxisome proliferator
activated receptor γ belongs to the superfamily of nuclear
receptors, has a great presence in fat tissue, macrophages,
and regulates gene expression and most of the processes
that lead to the onset and development of atherosclerosis.
In this review, we discuss the basic patho-physiological
mechanisms of atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus
(T2DM). Furthermore, we discuss the impact of PPARγ
polymorphisms, and the epigenetic mechanisms affecting
the onset of atherosclerosis, i.e., DNA methylation and
demethylation, histone acetylation and deacetylation, and
RNA-based mechanisms. Moreover, we add therapeutic
possibilities for acting on epigenetic mechanisms in order
to prevent the onset and progression of atherosclerosis.
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