GENE POLYMORPHISM OF THE DOPAMINE
RECEPTOR (DRD2) AND OF THE DOPAMINE
TRANSPORTER (DAT1) GENES IN OPIATE ADDICTION
Gareeva A*, Juriev E, Khusnutdinova E *Corresponding Author: Dr. Anna Gareeva, Department of Genomics of the Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; K. Marx str. 6, 450000 Ufa, Russia; Tel: +7-3472-55-15-60; Fax: +7-3472-22-35-69; E-mail: ganna@anrb.ru page: 61
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INTRODUCTION
A real estimate of susceptibility to a disease can be obtained only when full information on pathway mechanisms and data about genes that control the disease is available [1]. Narcomania is a multifactorial disease with genetic and environmental factors being involved in its development.
It is known that individual peculiarities of neuromediator systems and their compensatory potential underlie the presenting pathology and lasting influence of psychoactive substances.
Gene locus D2 receptor of dopamine is on chromosome 11 q22-q23; the gene is more than 270 kb long and contains eight exons. The recognition sites for the restriction endonuclease TaqI A, located in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) and for NcoI located in exon 6 of this gene, have been reported [2,3]. Interpopulational differences and an association between different alleles, and dependence on psychoactive substances, have also been reported [4-6]. As is well-known, dopamine plays a role in the formation of impulsive, compulsive, addictive behavior, and in drug dependence and hyperactivity with attention deficit syndrome (ADS) [7]. It has been suggested that the observed associations between polymorphic variants of the DRD2 gene and alcohol-dependence phenotypes depend on the magnitude and duration of stress, and that polymorphism explains the interaction of environment and gene [8].
Gene DATI is located on chromosome 5 p15.3, contains 12 exons and is 4.2 kb long [9]. Various tandem repeats (VNTR) are present in the 3'UTR with copy number at 3 to 11. Alleles with 10 and 11 repeats are present in more than 90% of Caucasian and Afro-American individuals [10-12]. An association between the VNTR polymorphism and schizophrenia [12], and with hyperactivity with ADS has been shown [13,14]. The VNTR polymorphism influences the expression of the gene [15]. The VNTR polymorphism in the 3'UTR of DATI gene (one copy length is 40 bp) with copy number from 3 to 11, have been studied.
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