1. Deng HK, Unutmaz D, KewalRamani VN, Littman DR. Expression cloning of new receptors used by simian and human immunodeficiency viruses. Nature 1997; 388 (6639): 296-300.
2. Lim JK, Louie CY, Glaser C, Jean C, Johnson B, Johnson H, McDermott DH, Murphy PM. Genetic deficiency of chemokine receptor CCR5 is a strong risk factor for symptomatic West Nile virus infection: a meta-analysis of 4 cohorts in the US epidemic. J Infect Dis 2008; 197(2): 262-265.
3. Kindberg E, Mickiene A, Ax C, Akerlind B, Vene S, Lindquist L, Lundkvist A, Svensson L. A deletion in the chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) gene is associated with tickborne encephalitis. J Infect Dis 2008; 197(2): 266-269.
4. Sharda S, Gilmour A, Harris V, Singh VP, Sinha N, Tewari S, Ramesh V, Agrawal S, Mastana S. Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) deletion polymorphism in North Indian patients with coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol 2008; 124(2): 254-258.
5. Prasad P, Tiwari AK, Kumar KM, Ammini AC, Gupta A, Gupta R, Thelma BK. Association of TGFβ1, TNFα, CCR2 and CCR5 gene polymorphisms in type-2 diabetes and renal insufficiency among Asian Indians. BMC Med Genet 2007; 8(20): 1-6.
6. Batra J, Sharma M, Chatterjee R, Sharma S, Mabalirajan U, Ghosh B. CCR5 ∆32 deletion and atopic asthma in India. Thorax 2005; 60(1): 85.
7. Samson M, Labbe O, Mollereau C, Vassart G, Parmentier M. Molecular cloning and functional expression of a new human CC-chemokine receptor gene. Biochemistry 1996; 35(11): 3362-3367.
8. Onuffer JJ, Horuk R. Chemokines, chemokine receptors and small molecule antagonists: recent developments. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2002; 23(10): 459-467.
9. Libert F, Cochaux P, Beckman G, Samson M, Aksenova M, Cao A, Czeizel A, Claustres M, de la Rúa C, Ferrari M, Ferrec C, Glover G, Grinde B, Güran S, Kucinskas V, Lavinha J, Mercier B, Ogur G, Peltonen L, Rosatelli C, Schwartz M, Spitsyn V, Timar L, Beckman L, Parmentier M, Vassart G. The ∆ccr5 mutation conferring protection against HIV-1 in Caucasian populations has a single and recent origin in Northeastern Europe. Hum Mol Genet 1998; 7(3): 399-406.
10. Samson M, Soularue P, Vassart G, Parmentier M. The genes encoding the human CC-chemokine receptors CC-CKR1 to CC-CKR5 (CMKBR1-CMKBR5) are clustered in the p21.3-p24 region of chromosome 3. Genomics 1996; 36(3): 522-526.
11. Kostrikis LG, Neumann AU, Thomson B, Korber BT, McHardy P, Karanicolas R, Deutsch L, Huang Y, Lew JF, McIntosh K, Pollack H, Borkowsky W, Spiegel HM, Palumbo P, Oleske J, Bardeguez A, Luzuriaga K, Sullivan J, Wolinsky SM, Koup RA, Ho DD, Moore JP. A polymorphism in the regulatory region of the CC-chemokine receptor 5 gene influences perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to African-American infants. J Virol 1999; 73(11): 10264-10271.
12. Verma R, Gupta RB, Singh K, Bhasin R, Anand Shukla A, Chauhan SS, Luthra K. Distribution of CCR5 ∆32, CCR2-64I and SDF1-3’A and plasma levels of SDF-1 in HIV-1 seronegative North Indians. J Clin Virol 2007; 38(3): 198-203.
13. Liu R, Paxton WA, Choe S, Ceradini D, Martin SR, Horuk R, MacDonald ME, Stuhlmann H, Koup RA, Landau NR. Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell 1996; 86(3): 367-377.
14. Zimmerman PA, Buckler-White A, Alkhatib G, Spalding T, Kubofcik J, Combadiere C, Weissman D, Cohen O, Rubbert A, Lam G, Vaccarezza M, Kennedy PE, Kumaraswami V, Giorgi JV, Detels R, Hunter J, Chopek M, Berger EA, Fauci AS, Nutman TB, Murphy PM. Inherited resistance to HIV-1 conferred by an inactivating mutation in CC chemokine receptor 5: studies in populations with contrasting clinical phenotypes, defined racial background, and quantified risk. Mol Med 1997; 3(1): 23-36.
15. Jin Q, Agrawal L, Meyer L, Tubiana R, Theodorou I, Alkhatib G. CCR5 ∆32 59537-G/A promoter polymorphism is associated with low translational efficiency and the loss of CCR5 ∆32 protective effects. J Virol 2008; 82(5): 2418-2426.
16. Balotta C, Bagnarelli P, Violin M, Ridolfo AL, Zhou D, Berlusconi A, Corvasce S, Corbellino M, Clementi M, Clerici M, Moroni M, Galli M. Homozygous ∆32 deletion of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene in an HIV-1-infected patient. AIDS 1997; 11(10): F67-F71.
17. Kim A, Pettoello-Mantovani M, Goldstein H. Decreased susceptibility of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from individuals heterozygous for a mutant CCR5 allele to HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998; 19(2): 145-149.
18. Mas A, Español T, Heredia A, Pedraza MA, Hernandez M, Caragol I, Fernando M, Bertran JM, Alcami J, Soriano V. CCR5 genotype and HIV-1 infection in peri-natally-exposed infants. J Infect 1999; 38(1): 9-11.
19. Martinson JJ, Chapman NH, Rees DC, Liu YT, Clegg JB. Global distribution of the CCR5 gene 32-basepair deletion. Nat Genet 1997; 16(2): 100-103.
20. Bratt G, Leandersson AC, Albert J, Sandström E, Wahren B. MT-2 tropism and CCR-5 genotype strongly influence disease progression in HIV-1-infected individuals. AIDS 1998; 12(7): 729-736.
21. Wang FS, Hong WG, Cao Y, Liu MX, Jin L, Hu LP, Wang Z, Feng TJ, Hou J, Zhang B, Shi M, Xu DP, Lei ZY, Wang B, Liu ZD, Ye JJ, Peng L, Qiu Y, Winkler C. Population survey of CCR5 ∆32, CCR5 m303, CCR2b 64I, and SDF1 3’A allele frequencies in indigenous Chinese healthy individuals, and in HIV-1-infected and HIV-1-uninfected individuals in HIV-1 risk groups. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003; 32(2): 124-130.
22. Voevodin A, Samilchuk E, Dashti S. Frequencies of SDF-1 chemokine, CCR-5, and CCR-2 chemokine receptor gene alleles conferring resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and AIDS in Kuwaitis. J Med Virol 1999; 58(1): 54-58.
23. Grimaldi R, Acosta AX, Cabral-Oliveira FC, Brites C, Galvão-Castro B. Study of the CCR5-m303 mutation in three different ethnic groups from Brazil. Genet Mol Biol 2005; 28(2): 214-217.
24. van Rij RP, Schuitemaker H. Host genetic factors in the clinical course of HIV-1 infection: chemokines and chemokine receptors. Commun Genet 2002; 5(2): 88-101.
25. HIV Sentinel Surveillance and HIV Estimation, 2006, National AIDS Control Organization. (http://www. nacoonline.org/upload/NACO%20PDF/Note%20on%20HIV%20Sentinel%20Surveillance%20and%20HIV%20Estimation_01%20Feb%2008.pdf).
26. Kaur G, Singh P, Rapthap CC, Kumar N, Vajpayee M, Sharma SK, Wanchu A, Mehra NK. Polymorphism in the CCR5 gene promoter and HIV-1 infection in North Indians. Hum Immunol 2007; 68(5): 454-461.
27. Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1989.
28. Murphy PM. Viral exploitation and subversion of the immune system through chemokine mimicry. Nat Immunol 2001; 2(2): 116-122.
29. Elharti E, Elaouad R, Simons MJ, Messouak-Elhachimi Z, Gluckman JC, Parmentier M, Benjouad A. Frequency of the CCR5 ∆32 allele in the Moroccan population. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16(1): 87-89.
30. Majumder PP, Dey B. Absence of the HIV-1 protective ∆ CCR5 allele in most ethnic populations of India. Eur J Hum Genet 2001; 9(10): 794-796.
31. Galvani AP, Novembre J. The evolutionary history of the CCR5-∆32 HIV-resistance mutation. Microbes Infect 2005; 7(2): 302-309.
32. Steinbrook R. HIV in India-a complex epidemic. N Engl J Med 2007; 356(11): 1089-1093.
33. Hedrick PW, Verrelli BC. “Ground truth” for selection on CCR5-∆32. Trends Genet 2006; 22(6): 293-296.
34. Saxena SK. Controversial role of smallpox on historical positive selection at the CCR5 chemokine gene (CCR5- ∆32). J Infect Dev Ctries 2009; 3(4): 324-326.
35. Ramana GV, Vasanthi A, Khaja M, Su B, Govindaiah V, Jin L, Singh L, Chakraborty R. Distribution of HIV-1 resistance-conferring polymorphic alleles SDF-1-3’A, CCR2-64I and CCR5-∆32 in diverse populations of Andhra Pradesh, South India. J Genet 2001; 80(3): 137-140.
36. Cordaux R, Aunger R, Bentley G, Nasidze I, Sirajuddin SM, Stoneking M. Independent origins of Indian caste and tribal paternal lineages. Curr Biol 2004; 14(3): 231-235.
37. Bamshad M, Kivisild T, Watkins WS, Dixon ME, Ricker CE, Rao BB, Naidu JM, Prasad BV, Reddy PG, Rasanayagam A, Papiha SS, Villems R, Redd AJ, Hammer MF, Nguyen SV, Carroll ML, Batzer MA, Jorde LB. Genetic evidence on the origins of Indian caste populations. Genome Res 2001; 11(6): 994-1004.
38. Indian Genome Variation Consortium. Genetic landscape of the people of India: a canvas for disease gene exploration. J Genet. 2008; 87(1): 3-20.
39. Jasti S, Rakh S, Pantula V, Murthy KJ, Valluri VL. Genetic affinity of two south Indian ethnic groups with other populations. Int J Immunogenet 2008; 35(3): 243-249.
40. Barnabas S, Apte RV, Suresh CG. Human evolution: the study of Indian mitochondrial DNA. Naturwissenschaften 1996; 83(1): 28-29.
41. UNAIDS 2006 report on the global aids epidemic. (http://www.unaids.org/en/HIV_data/2006GlobalReport/default.asp).