ETHNIC VARIATION IN INTERLEUKIN-6 –174 (G/C)
POLYMORPHISM IN THE MALAYSIAN POPULATION Gan G-G*, Subramaniam R, Lian L-H, Nadarajan VS *Corresponding Author: Professor Dr. Gin-Gin Gan, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University
Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Tel.: +603-79-492-429; Fax: +603-79-556-936; E-mail:
gangg@ummc.edu.my page: 53
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INTRODUCTION
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic inflammatory
cytokine that has been implicated in the development
of Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular diseases
and many different types of cancers [1-5]. The role
of IL-6 in mediating humoral and cellular immune
response relating to inflammation and tissue injury
has been well established [6]. Several studies have
demonstrated that elevated IL-6 level is associated
with vascular smooth muscle growth and increased
production of acute phase protein, thereby contributing
to possible development of cardiovascular disease
as well as Alzheimer’s disease [3,5,7,8].
The IL-6 –174G allele had been demonstrated to
be associated with higher IL-6 production [7]. This
polymorphism affects the circulating serum IL-6 level
and IL-6 gene transcription. There have been extensive
studies on IL-6 gene polymorphisms in different
diseases and interestingly, there is also significant
variation in the frequencies of this polymorphism
among different ethnic groups. It was reported that
frequency of the –174C allele is much lower in the
Japanese, Africans and Asian Indians compared to European
Caucasians [9-12]. It appears that the majority
of Asian populations carry the GG genotypes, ranging
from 75.0-100.0%, while Caucasians in the West had a
higher frequency of CC genotypes, ranging from 18.0-
32.0% [7,9,10,13-15]. Within the Chinese communities
in China, there is also a difference in IL-6 allele
frequency. A recent study of the Chinese Han population
found that 99.57% carried the GG genotype and
none were found to carry the CC genotype [16].
Malaysia is a multiethnic country where the
three major ethnic groups are Malays, Chinese and
Indians. The Malays are the major population group
(70.0%) and are made up of a mixture of people
extant in Southeast Asia as early as 3000 years ago
[17]. The Chinese account for about 20.0% of the total
population of Malaysia and majority originating
from Southern China; the Indians account for about
10.0% of the total population and were mainly immigrants
from Southern India. There have not been any
published reports on the IL-6 polymorphism in the
Malay or the local Indian populations. A study published
by Chua et al. [18] in Malaysia which studied
the gene frequency of IL-6 in systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE) patients found that the homozygous
G genotype was significantly higher in SLE patients
compared with healthy control subjects [18]. However,
there was no racial breakdown of these subjects.
In view of the functional implications of the
IL-6 gene, we proposed to study the prevalence of
the IL-6 –174 (G/C) polymorphism in the Malaysian
population. We hope these results can be used
as a reference for further studies in determining
the disease risk including coronary artery disease
among these groups of patients.
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